{"id":5025,"date":"2022-12-24T23:26:19","date_gmt":"2022-12-24T22:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/?page_id=5025"},"modified":"2025-03-13T13:51:38","modified_gmt":"2025-03-13T12:51:38","slug":"slovnicek","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/slovnicek\/","title":{"rendered":"Slovn\u00ed\u010dek"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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All<\/a>C<\/a>D<\/a>F<\/a>H<\/a>J<\/a>K<\/a>L<\/a>M<\/a>N<\/a>P<\/a>R<\/a>S<\/a>T<\/a>V<\/a>Z<\/a><\/div><\/div>
C<\/span>
chalupa<\/dt>
viz<\/em> d\u016fm \u2013 chalupa \u2013 domek<\/dd><\/dl>
chlebov\u00e1 pec<\/dt>
Standardn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro pe\u010den\u00ed chleba ve v\u0161ech vesnick\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostech s\u00a0vlastn\u00edmi polnostmi. Pec m\u00e1 podobu n\u00edzk\u00e9ho, p\u016fdorysn\u011b vej\u010dit\u00e9ho \u010di obd\u00e9ln\u00e9ho prostoru, zpravidla klenut\u00e9ho z\u00a0cihel. Pro udr\u017een\u00ed tepla se pec obestavovala hlin\u011bn\u00fdmi izolacemi do podoby velk\u00e9ho kv\u00e1dru, jeho\u017e tepl\u00e1 horn\u00ed plocha se vyu\u017e\u00edvala k\u00a0odpo\u010dinku. Pro pe\u010den\u00ed se pec musela rozp\u00e1lit sp\u00e1len\u00edm p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed d\u0159eva, jeho\u017e popel se pak vymetl a do pece se speci\u00e1ln\u00ed lopatou s\u00a0dlouhou n\u00e1sadou um\u00edstilo tvarovan\u00e9 t\u011bsto \u2013 budouc\u00ed pecny chleba. D\u00fdm z\u00a0pece odch\u00e1zel d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159\u00edmo nakl\u00e1dac\u00edm otvorem, pozd\u011bji samostatn\u00fdm otvorem \u010di otvory nad n\u00edm a nakonec stejn\u011b um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi otvory po pr\u016fchodu samostatn\u00fdmi sopouchy, veden\u00fdmi od zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pece nad jej\u00ed klenbou.<\/dd><\/dl>
chl\u00e9v<\/dt>
Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev prostor pro ust\u00e1jen\u00ed dobytka, umis\u0165ovan\u00fdch bu\u010f v\u00a0zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti j\u00e1dra domu (chl\u00e9vn\u00ed \u010di sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd typ p\u016fdorysu), v\u00a0navazuj\u00edc\u00edm k\u0159\u00eddle za domem nebo v\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edm samostatn\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m objektu ve dvo\u0159e. Pro mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou provozn\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017e a nebezpe\u010d\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru se chl\u00e9vy prov\u00e1d\u011bly relativn\u011b brzy jako zd\u011bn\u00e9 a vybaven\u00e9 klenbami.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
D<\/span>
domek<\/dt>
viz <\/em>d\u016fm \u2013 chalupa \u2013 domek<\/dd><\/dl>
dvojd\u016fm<\/dt>
Sestava dvojice domov\u00fdch dispozic pod jednou st\u0159echou, zpravidla ve vz\u00e1jemn\u011b zrcadlov\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed dispozice, napojen\u00e1 bu\u010f v\u00a0zadn\u00ed pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 nebo \u010deln\u00ed st\u011bn\u011b.<\/dd><\/dl>
dvoutraktov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u016fdorysu<\/dt>
Dispozice, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e jsou v\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru um\u00edst\u011bny dvojice m\u00edstnost\u00ed (v obytn\u00e9m \u010dele zpravidla sv\u011btnice a sv\u011btni\u010dka, ve vstupn\u00edm d\u00edlu s\u00ed\u0148 a kuchyn\u011b, ve t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edlu dv\u011b komory nebo komora a chl\u00e9v).<\/dd><\/dl>
dymn\u00edk<\/dt>
Kom\u00edn s\u00a0dole otev\u0159en\u00fdm \u00fast\u00edm s\u00a0horn\u00edm koncem, vyveden\u00fdm a\u017e nad st\u0159echu domu. B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 proveden\u00ed dymn\u00edkov\u00fdch kom\u00edn\u016f ve vesnick\u00fdch domech bylo a\u017e do 18. stolet\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9, resp. d\u0159evohlin\u011bn\u00e9, s\u00a0roubenou \u010di r\u00e1movou (hr\u00e1zd\u011bnou) kostrou a lepenicovou vymaz\u00e1vkou. Tyto kom\u00edny musely b\u00fdt naho\u0159e opat\u0159eny st\u0159\u00ed\u0161kou, aby d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 nevym\u00fdval ochrannou vymaz\u00e1vku.<\/dd><\/dl>
dymn\u00edkov\u00e1 (\u010dern\u00e1) kuchyn\u011b<\/dt>
Prostor pro va\u0159en\u00ed a nep\u0159\u00edmou obsluhu vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, situovan\u00e9ho v\u00a0soused\u00edc\u00ed obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti \u2013 sv\u011btnici. Dymn\u00edkov\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b mohly m\u00edt r\u016fznou stavebn\u00ed podobu (od velk\u00e9 niky, otev\u0159en\u00e9 do zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti s\u00edn\u011b, a\u017e po celistvou m\u00edstnost s\u00a0dve\u0159mi), ale podobn\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed \u2013 sestavy otvor\u016f pro obsluhu topeni\u0161\u0165, podestu pro otev\u0159en\u00fd ohe\u0148 k\u00a0va\u0159en\u00ed (um\u00edst\u011bnou \u010dasto p\u0159ed zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdmi otvory) a naho\u0159e v\u017edy dymn\u00edk \u2013 kom\u00edn s\u00a0dole otev\u0159en\u00fdm \u00fast\u00edm, do n\u011bho\u017e voln\u011b stoupal d\u00fdm, vystupuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch otvor\u016f topeni\u0161\u0165. Zat\u00edmco pro severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed sektor \u010cech byly charakteristick\u00e9 nikov\u00e9 varianty kuchyn\u00ed, p\u0159il\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed v bo\u010dn\u00ed st\u011bn\u011b zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti s\u00edn\u011b ke sv\u011btnici, byla pro jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed sektor \u010cech v\u00a018. \u2013 19. stolet\u00ed typick\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b, zauj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed celou \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku vstupn\u00edho d\u00edlu domu, kter\u00e1 tud\u00ed\u017e umo\u017e\u0148ovala rovn\u011b\u017e vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed t\u0159et\u00edho p\u016fdorysn\u00e9ho d\u00edlu \u2013 zadn\u00ed sv\u011btnice.<\/dd><\/dl>
d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 stropy<\/dt>
Zpravidla s\u00a0nosn\u00fdmi hran\u011bn\u00fdmi tr\u00e1my, kladen\u00fdmi v\u00a0p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m sm\u011bru, kde plnily i d\u016fle\u017eitou \u00falohu ztu\u017een\u00ed cel\u00e9 stavby. Z\u00e1klopy se na vesnic\u00edch povalov\u00e9 (z nehran\u011bn\u00fdch kul\u00e1\u010d\u016f), pozd\u011bji deskov\u00e9, v\u00a0obytn\u00fdch m\u00edstnostech p\u0159ekl\u00e1dan\u00e9. Po zp\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00ed protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00edch opat\u0159en\u00ed ve 2. polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed nastupuj\u00ed i na vesnici om\u00edtan\u00e9 podhledy, prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 \u010dasto sp\u00ed\u0161e s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm lepenice ne\u017e v\u00e1penn\u00e9 malty. V\u00a019. stolet\u00ed je zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0jiho\u010desk\u00e9 oblasti b\u011b\u017en\u00fd tzv. typlov\u00fd strop, tvo\u0159en\u00fd sestavou tr\u00e1m\u016f, kladen\u00fdch na sraz, s\u00a0om\u00edtan\u00fdm \u010di lepenicov\u00fdm podhledem.<\/dd><\/dl>
d\u016fm \u2013 chalupa \u2013 domek<\/dt>
Hierarchie obytn\u00fdch staveb ve t\u0159ech z\u00e1kladn\u00edch soci\u00e1ln\u00edch kategori\u00edch vesnick\u00fdch obyvatel \u2013 sedl\u00e1k\u016f v\u00a0usedlostech (statc\u00edch, dvorech, gruntech), chalupn\u00edk\u016f a domk\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Chalupa m\u00e1 podobu drobn\u00e9 usedlosti nebo (\u010dast\u011bji) \u00fahlov\u00e9 sestavy \u010di jedin\u00e9ho objektu, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e jsou obytn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 prostory napojeny za sebou pod jednou st\u0159echou. Domek obsahuje pouze obytnou \u010d\u00e1st a n\u011bkdy minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
F<\/span>
fara<\/dt>
Stavba s\u00a0bytem far\u00e1\u0159e a dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00edm (bydlen\u00ed person\u00e1lu, kancel\u00e1\u0159, archiv, pokoj pro hosty), podle situace p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b s\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm dvorem typu zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 usedlosti. Fara svou n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdstavbou p\u0159edstavovala vzor obytn\u00e9 stavby, jeho\u017e prvky se vesni\u010dan\u00e9 p\u0159i pokroc\u00edch sv\u00e9 v\u00fdstavby sna\u017eili n\u00e1sledovat.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
H<\/span>
hr\u00e1zd\u011bn\u00ed<\/dt>
D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 konstrukce st\u011bn, jej\u00ed\u017e nosn\u00e9 j\u00e1dro tvo\u0159\u00ed tesa\u0159sky zpracovan\u00e1 r\u00e1mov\u00e1 kostra z\u00a0hran\u011bn\u00fdch tr\u00e1m\u016f. V\u00fdpl\u0148 jednotliv\u00fdch pol\u00ed byla nej\u010dast\u011bji d\u0159evohlin\u011bn\u00e1, z\u00a0lepenice, nanesen\u00e9 na ty\u010dkovou kostru.<\/dd><\/dl>
h\u00e1jovna<\/dt>
viz<\/em> myslivna, h\u00e1jovna<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
J<\/span>
jizba<\/dt>
St\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd n\u00e1zev pro obytnou m\u00edstnost s\u00a0tzv. dymn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed, tj. s\u00a0univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed pec\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se z\u00a0jizby obsluhovala a do jej\u00edho prostoru vypou\u0161t\u011bla d\u00fdm (v jizb\u00e1ch se tedy i va\u0159ilo). Pro usnadn\u011bn\u00ed sou\u017eit\u00ed obyvatel s\u00a0dymn\u00fdm provozem se jizby vyzna\u010dovaly specifick\u00fdm stavebn\u00edm charakterem a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm – oproti pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011btnic\u00edm m\u011bly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ku prostoru a otvory ve st\u011bn\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovaly rozd\u011blen\u00ed prostoru na horn\u00ed d\u00fdmovou a spodn\u00ed \u010dist\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st s\u00a0odvodem d\u00fdmu mimo jizbu \u2013 do venkovn\u00edho prostoru nebo do s\u00edn\u011b). Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed pec byla ve vesnick\u00fdch domech od z\u00e1v\u011bru st\u0159edov\u011bku nahrazov\u00e1na sestavou dvou specializovan\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edmou obsluhou \u2013 kamen pro vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed a chlebovou pec\u00ed. T\u00edm se mohl zm\u011bnit i charakter obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
K<\/span>
kamna<\/dt>
Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev pro vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00ed t\u011bleso, sestaven\u00e9 zpravidla z\u00a0keramick\u00fdch kachl\u016f (v 19. stolet\u00ed n\u011bkdy z\u00a0litinov\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f). N\u00e1zev, kter\u00fd od st\u0159edov\u011bku p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161el tradi\u010dn\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edmo obsluhovan\u00fdm kamn\u016fm, p\u0159e\u0161el v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed na modern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo obsluhovan\u00e1 tahov\u00e1 kamna i kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 spor\u00e1ky.<\/dd><\/dl>
kamna (tahov\u00e1)<\/dt>
Vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edmou obsluhou, sestaven\u00e9 ve zpravidla vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm tvaru z\u00a0keramick\u00fdch kachl\u016f \u010di litinov\u00fdch nebo ocelov\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f.<\/dd><\/dl>
kamna (tradi\u010dn\u00ed)<\/dt>
Vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obytn\u00fdch m\u00edstnost\u00ed \u2013 sv\u011btnic, obsluhovan\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0prostoru dymn\u00edkov\u00e9 (\u010dern\u00e9) kuchyn\u011b, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b z\u00a0men\u0161\u00edho p\u0159ikl\u00e1dac\u00edho prostoru. Kamna byla sestavena z\u00a0keramick\u00fdch kachl\u016f, spojovan\u00fdch j\u00edlovou hl\u00ednou a m\u011bla r\u016fzn\u00fd, nej\u010dast\u011bji kv\u00e1drov\u00fd tvar s\u00a0charakteristick\u00fdm p\u0159isazen\u00edm ke st\u011bn\u011b. Um\u00edst\u011bna byla na vyzd\u011bn\u00e9m soklu nebo leh\u010d\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 \u010di \u017eelezn\u00e9 stojanov\u00e9 konstrukci. Nejen ve sv\u011btnic\u00edch vesnick\u00fdch dom\u016f byla b\u011b\u017en\u011b doprov\u00e1zena rohovou sestavou d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 lavice.<\/dd><\/dl>
klenby<\/dt>
Dovednost zd\u011bn\u00e9ho stavitelstv\u00ed, zabezpe\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed pevn\u00e9 a ohnivzdorn\u00e9 horn\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00ed prostor\u016f. Ve vesnick\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed se klenby uplatnily zejm\u00e9na ve chl\u00e9vech v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 19. stolet\u00ed, a to v\u00a0dob\u0159e datovateln\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji tvar\u016f, za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch klenbami k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9ho \u010di valen\u00fdmi klenbami s\u00a0trojbok\u00fdmi \u010di p\u011btibok\u00fdmi v\u00fdse\u010demi. Daleko nejv\u00edce se ale na vesnic\u00edch v\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu 19. stolet\u00ed uplatnily klenby plackov\u00e9, a to od klasick\u00fdch (\u010desk\u00fdch) placek k\u00a0plo\u0161\u0161\u00edm pozdn\u00edm (prusk\u00fdm) plack\u00e1m s\u00a0odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyzd\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru 19. stolet\u00ed byly plackov\u00e9 tvary vyst\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ny segmentov\u00fdmi klenbami do pas\u016f, od p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed se nam\u00edsto pas\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00e1lcovan\u00e9 ocelov\u00e9 profily.<\/dd><\/dl>
kolna<\/dt>
Stavba, funguj\u00edc\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161ek pro uskladn\u011bn\u00ed voz\u016f, dal\u0161\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed, otev\u0159en\u00e1 do dvora velk\u00fdmi voln\u00fdmi vjezdy.<\/dd><\/dl>
komora<\/dt>
Nevyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00fd prostor v\u00a0dom\u011b nebo v\u00a0hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 stavb\u011b, vyhrazen\u00fd zejm\u00e9na pro ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f, produkt\u016f a z\u00e1sob (komory sp\u00ed\u017en\u00ed, s\u00fdpkov\u00e9, na n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed aj.). Komory slou\u017eily i ke span\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na v\u00a0letn\u00edm obdob\u00ed v\u00a0domech s\u00a0omezenou mo\u017enost\u00ed pobytu ve vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00fdch prostor\u00e1ch).<\/dd><\/dl>
krbe\u010dek<\/dt>
Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro osv\u011btlen\u00ed sv\u011btnice v\u00a0podob\u011b niky pro p\u00e1len\u00ed lou\u010d\u00ed v\u00a0sousedstv\u00ed vstupn\u00edch dve\u0159\u00ed na stran\u011b k\u00a0vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edmu koutu. D\u00fdm z\u00a0krbe\u010dku se odv\u00e1d\u011bl sopouchem ve st\u011bn\u011b, vyveden\u00fdm do prostoru soused\u00edc\u00ed \u010dern\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b.<\/dd><\/dl>
krovy<\/dt>
Tesa\u0159sk\u00e9 konstrukce st\u0159ech pod krytinou, n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed na vesnic\u00edch a\u017e do poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed (a mnohdy d\u00e9le) tradi\u010dn\u00ed hambalkov\u00e9 soustav\u011b. A\u017e do 1. poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed se u n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch staveb mohlo uplatnit n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 ztu\u017een\u00ed barokn\u00edho typu s\u00a0\u0161ikm\u00fdmi (le\u017eat\u00fdmi) stolicemi, ale \u010dast\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edvaly jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed stolice stojat\u00e9. Teprve po polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed se objevuj\u00ed prvky syst\u00e9mu vaznicov\u00e9ho, \u010dasto s\u00a0m\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm obou soustav. Ve 2. polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed se i na vesnic\u00edch \u010dasto uplat\u0148uj\u00ed varianty ran\u00fdch vaznicov\u00fdch krov\u016f tzv. Rankova typu se \u0161ikm\u00fdmi stolicemi. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou ale op\u011bt stojat\u00e9 stolice, tentokr\u00e1t ve vaznicov\u00e9m proveden\u00ed. Od p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed se na \u010desk\u00e9m venkov\u011b rozm\u00e1h\u00e1 obliba polopatrov\u00fdch p\u016fdn\u00edch nadezd\u00edvek a \u201en\u00e1dra\u017en\u00edch\u201c modifikac\u00ed vaznicov\u00fdch krov\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed men\u0161\u00edm sklonem ploch a voln\u00fdmi, p\u0159es okraj stavby p\u0159e\u010dn\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edmi okraji st\u0159ech na boc\u00edch i \u010deln\u00edch stran\u00e1ch budov.<\/dd><\/dl>
kuchyn\u011b<\/dt>
Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zev pro m\u00edsto k\u00a0p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b pokrm\u016f a obsluhu vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. U vesnick\u00e9ho domu existuj\u00ed kuchyn\u011b od konce st\u0159edov\u011bku v\u00a0zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vstupn\u00edho d\u00edlu (dymn\u00edkov\u00e1, \u010dern\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b). Provoz t\u011bchto tradi\u010dn\u00edch kuchyn\u00ed je v\u00fdrazn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fd od kuchyn\u00ed, funguj\u00edc\u00edch na t\u00fdch\u017e nebo odli\u0161n\u00fdch m\u00edstech po prom\u011bn\u011b syst\u00e9mu vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed (spor\u00e1kov\u00e1, tahov\u00e1 kuchyn\u011b).<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
L<\/span>
lepenice<\/dt>
Sm\u011bs j\u00edlov\u00e9 hl\u00edny se sl\u00e1mou, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jinou vaznou p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed, v\u00a0minulosti nejen na venkov\u011b snadno dosa\u017eiteln\u00e1 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdpl\u0148ov\u00e1, izola\u010dn\u00ed a kryc\u00ed hmota, zlep\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed tepeln\u011b izola\u010dn\u00ed a protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed charakteristiku d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
l\u00edmec<\/dt>
Pokud nem\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u00a0dymn\u00edkov\u00e9 kuchyni kou\u0159i vyhrazena cel\u00e1 horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st prostoru, vymezil se n\u011bjakou leh\u010d\u00ed konstrukc\u00ed pod \u00fast\u00edm kom\u00edna jak\u00fdsi lapa\u010d d\u00fdmu, jeho\u017e spodn\u00ed okraj byl nej\u010dast\u011bji vyn\u00e1\u0161en tr\u00e1movou obrubou. Takov\u00fdto \u00fatvar se naz\u00fdval l\u00edmec (podle n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Mantel), a spodn\u00ed nosn\u00fd tr\u00e1m n\u011bkdy mandrholec (podle n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Mantelholz).<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
M<\/span>
ml\u00fdn<\/dt>
Stavba s\u00a0ml\u00fdnic\u00ed \u2013 tedy prostorem a za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm pro mlet\u00ed obil\u00ed s vodn\u00edm nebo v\u011btrn\u00fdm pohonem. U vodn\u00edch ml\u00fdn\u016f existovala ml\u00fdnice \u010dast\u011bji jako sou\u010d\u00e1st domu, v\u00a0jeho\u017e uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed zauj\u00edmala jeho zadn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159skou \u010d\u00e1st.<\/dd><\/dl>
myslivna, h\u00e1jovna<\/dt>
Sou\u010d\u00e1st hierarchie vrchnostensk\u00fdch staveb, vyhrazen\u00fdch pro bydlen\u00ed zam\u011bstnanc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se starali o lesn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159\u00edbytku nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho lesn\u00edho \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edka \u2013 fo\u0159ta, jeho\u017e d\u016fm byl zpravidla um\u00edst\u011bn v\u00a0m\u00edst\u011b spr\u00e1vy panstv\u00ed, byly myslivny a h\u00e1jovny um\u00edst\u011bny v\u00a0kontaktu s\u00a0vesnicemi nebo i izolovan\u011b v\u00a0les\u00edch.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
N<\/span>
nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed<\/dt>
Zp\u016fsob provozu vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (pece \u010di kamen), p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e je m\u00edsto obsluhy s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi otvory pro p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a odvod d\u00fdmu (kuchyn\u011b) odd\u011bleno st\u011bnou od prostoru, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e je vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bno (zpravidla obytn\u00e1 m\u00edstnost \u2013 sv\u011btnice).<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
P<\/span>
pansk\u00fd dv\u016fr<\/dt>
Are\u00e1l vrchnostensk\u00fdch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch staveb, situovan\u00fd bu\u010f ve vesnici nebo voln\u011b v\u00a0krajin\u011b. Podoba dvor\u016f byla r\u016fzn\u00e1 po\u010d\u00ednaje obdobou velk\u00e9 selsk\u00e9 usedlosti a kon\u010de rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011b komponovan\u00fdmi are\u00e1ly podle projekt\u016f renomovan\u00fdch architekt\u016f. Obytn\u00e9 a zejm\u00e9na hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 budovy v t\u011bchto dvorech p\u0159edstavovaly rovn\u011b\u017e kvalitativn\u00ed inspiraci p\u0159i inovac\u00edch b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vesnick\u00e9 z\u00e1stavby.<\/dd><\/dl>
podst\u00e1vka<\/dt>
D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 r\u00e1mov\u00e1 konstrukce \u2013 stolice, p\u0159isazen\u00e1 k\u00a0vn\u011bj\u0161ku st\u011bn p\u0159\u00edzem\u00ed a vyn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed st\u011bny patra, pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na u severo\u010desk\u00fdch patrov\u00fdch d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch dom\u016f v\u00a017. \u2013 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
polodymn\u00e1 jizba<\/dt>
P\u0159echodn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed mezi dymn\u00fdm a nep\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti – jizba s\u00a0pec\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e d\u00fdm sice je\u0161t\u011b vstupuje do prostoru m\u00edstnosti, ale je odv\u00e1d\u011bn dymn\u00edkem nad jej\u00ed strop do krovu.<\/dd><\/dl>
p\u0159edpecn\u00ed j\u00e1ma<\/dt>
Prohlube\u0148 kv\u00e1drov\u00e9ho tvaru, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 v\u00a0podlaze p\u0159ed \u00fast\u00edm pece, jej\u00ed\u017e blok je \u201ezapu\u0161t\u011bn\u201c tak, \u017ee se nakl\u00e1dac\u00ed otvor ocit\u00e1 zhruba v\u00a0\u00farovni podlahy. J\u00e1ma umo\u017e\u0148ovala p\u0159i obsluze pece st\u00e1t v\u016f\u010di peci v\u00a0pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed pozici, a pro ostatn\u00ed dobu se zakr\u00fdvala poklopem. Situace se vyu\u017e\u00edvala p\u0159i pot\u0159eb\u011b \u00faspory m\u00edsta v\u00a0tradi\u010dn\u00edm i pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm tahov\u00e9m vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Ve star\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ve sv\u011btnici na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd blok pece z\u010d\u00e1sti nebo zcela nasunout t\u011bleso kamen nebo p\u0159i um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pece v\u00a0kuchyni pou\u017e\u00edvat jej\u00ed horn\u00ed vydl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bnou plochu pro otev\u0159en\u00e9 ohni\u0161t\u011b k\u00a0va\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00a0mlad\u0161\u00edm tahov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed umo\u017enila p\u0159edpecn\u00ed j\u00e1ma v\u00edce variant um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pece (nap\u0159. zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 zasunut\u00ed pod n\u00e1stupn\u00ed rameno schod\u016f).<\/dd><\/dl>
p\u0159ikl\u00e1dac\u00ed prostor<\/dt>
Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro nep\u0159\u00edmou obsluhu kamen mimo dymn\u00edkovou kuchyni, p\u0159evzat\u00e9 z\u00a0n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ubytovac\u00edch objekt\u016f (z\u00e1mky, kl\u00e1\u0161tery). Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u00e1 podobu niky ve st\u011bn\u011b chodby, zav\u00edran\u00e9 dv\u00ed\u0159ky, v\u00a0n\u00ed\u017e jsou p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9 standardn\u00ed sestavy p\u0159ikl\u00e1dac\u00edch a kou\u0159ov\u00fdch otvor\u016f kamen v\u00a0p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch obytn\u00fdch m\u00edstnostech. Nad p\u0159ikl\u00e1dac\u00edm prostorem za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ve st\u011bn\u011b sopouch \u0161irok\u00e9ho, tzv. pr\u016flezn\u00e9ho kom\u00edna, slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edho odvodu d\u00fdmu i p\u0159\u00edstupu vzduchu pro kamna.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
R<\/span>
rouben\u00ed<\/dt>
D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e1 konstrukce st\u011bn z\u00a0vodorovn\u011b kladen\u00fdch vrstev tr\u00e1m\u016f, v\u00e1zan\u00fdch v\u00a0n\u00e1ro\u017e\u00ed tesa\u0159sk\u00fdmi vazbami (nej\u010dast\u011bji tzv. na rybinu). Rouben\u00ed se li\u0161\u00ed podle druhu a zp\u016fsobu opracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva (kul\u00e1\u010de, tr\u00e1my z\u010d\u00e1sti \u010di zcela hran\u011bn\u00e9) a tak\u00e9 podle v\u00fdpln\u00ed sp\u00e1r.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
S<\/span>
sestava pece a kamen<\/dt>
Zejm\u00e9na pro \u010desky hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed oblasti v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed spojen\u00ed, umis\u0165ovan\u00e9 v\u00a0koutu sv\u011btnice vpravo \u010di vlevo za vstupn\u00edmi dve\u0159mi (podle typu orientace p\u016fdorysu). V\u00a0jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch se pec mohla pec um\u00edstit samostatn\u011b v\u00a0zadn\u00ed sv\u011btnici. V\u00a0n\u011bmecky hovo\u0159\u00edc\u00edm pohrani\u010d\u00ed se pec ot\u00e1\u010dela o 90 stup\u0148\u016f, s\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u010di men\u0161\u00edho vysunut\u00ed jej\u00ed zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ze zadn\u00ed pod\u00e9ln\u00e9 st\u011bny domu. V\u00a0domech s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kuchyn\u00ed mohla pec st\u00e1t i samostatn\u011b v\u00a0plo\u0161e kuchyn\u011b. V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b se chlebov\u00e9 pece na vesnici mohly stav\u011bt i jako samostatn\u00e9 objekty pro obecn\u00ed pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
sklep<\/dt>
Pod ter\u00e9n zapu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd prostor, zpravidla zd\u011bn\u00fd a klenut\u00fd, se skladovac\u00ed funkc\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
spor\u00e1k<\/dt>
P\u0159\u00edmo obsluhovan\u00e9 univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro va\u0159en\u00ed, pe\u010den\u00ed i vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 sou\u010d\u00e1st tahov\u00e9 inovace vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a019. stolet\u00ed. Ve spor\u00e1ku se p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 na horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed topeni\u0161t\u011b s\u00a0ro\u0161tem, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 p\u0159i lev\u00e9m \u010di prav\u00e9m konci t\u011blesa, pod plochou k\u00a0va\u0159en\u00ed, tvo\u0159enou litinov\u00fdmi pl\u00e1ty. Hork\u00fd d\u00fdm pak proch\u00e1z\u00ed kolem trouby k\u00a0pe\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla u star\u0161\u00edch typ\u016f vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1, pozd\u011bji zapou\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 do roviny pl\u00e1t\u016f. D\u00fdm se do kom\u00edna podle situace odv\u00e1d\u00ed bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm p\u0159isazen\u00edm ke st\u011bn\u011b se sopouchem nebo plechovou \u010di keramickou rourou, u sestavy s\u00a0pec\u00ed \u010dasto zaveden\u00edm do kou\u0159ov\u00fdch sopouch\u016f pece, co\u017e p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k\u00a0trvalej\u0161\u00edmu proh\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jej\u00ed horn\u00ed plochy.<\/dd><\/dl>
spor\u00e1kov\u00e1 (tahov\u00e1) kuchyn\u011b<\/dt>
Stupe\u0148 modernizace kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9ho provozu, nastupuj\u00edc\u00ed do vesnick\u00fdch dom\u016f v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch kolem poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed. V\u00a0novostavb\u00e1ch se buduj\u00ed nov\u00e9 kuchyn\u011b na m\u00edstech star\u00fdch dymn\u00edkov\u00fdch kuchyn\u00ed jako v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btl\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti s\u00a0okny, v\u00a0nich\u017e se va\u0159\u00ed nikoli na otev\u0159en\u00e9m ohni jako d\u0159\u00edve, ale na pl\u00e1tech spor\u00e1k\u016f, napojen\u00fdch na tahov\u00fd kom\u00edn. Ve sv\u011btnic\u00edch se mohlo topit rovn\u011b\u017e ve spor\u00e1ku nebo nov\u00fdmi tahov\u00fdmi kamny, d\u00edky kter\u00fdm se charakter prostoru pon\u011bkud m\u011bnil (pokoj). P\u0159i po\u010detn\u00fdch \u00fasporn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch adaptac\u00edch v\u00a0men\u0161\u00edch domech se pouze dosavadn\u00ed kom\u00edn upravil pro tahov\u00fd provoz uzav\u0159en\u00edm spodn\u00edho dymn\u00edkov\u00e9ho \u00fast\u00ed a n\u00e1hradou tradi\u010dn\u00edch kamen ve sv\u011btnici spor\u00e1kem, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se va\u0159en\u00ed z\u00a0kuchyn\u011b p\u0159eneslo do sv\u011btnice.<\/dd><\/dl>
sp\u00ed\u017en\u00ed komora, sp\u00ed\u017e<\/dt>
Prostor, vyhrazen\u00fd ukl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed potravin, situovan\u00fd zpravidla v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edzem\u00ed, v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u00e9 vazb\u011b na kuchyni. Sp\u00ed\u017en\u00edm komor\u00e1m nevadilo chladn\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ani m\u00edrn\u011b vlhk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
stodola<\/dt>
Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 stavba v\u00a0zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 usedlosti, ur\u010den\u00e1 pro uskladn\u011bn\u00ed a v\u00fdmlat svezen\u00e9ho obil\u00ed. Dispozice stodoly je uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e1 zpravidla trojd\u00edln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u2013 se st\u0159edn\u00edm mlatem, vybaven\u00fdm protilehl\u00fdmi vjezdy, a dv\u011bma postrann\u00edmi pernami. Star\u0161\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 stodoly se z\u00a0bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f umis\u0165ovaly v\u00a0zahrad\u00e1ch za usedlostmi, mlad\u0161\u00ed zd\u011bn\u00e9 stodoly se zapojovaly do sestavy budov kolem dvora.<\/dd><\/dl>
st\u00e1j<\/dt>
Specializovan\u00fd n\u00e1zev prostoru pro ust\u00e1jen\u00ed kon\u00ed. P\u0159i odd\u011blen\u00e9m ust\u00e1jen\u00ed kon\u00ed a krav se st\u00e1j v\u017edy umis\u0165ovala v\u00a0t\u011bsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti obytn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti domu.<\/dd><\/dl>
su\u0161\u00edrna ovoce<\/dt>
Drobn\u00e1 stavba se spodn\u00edm\u00a0vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm a horn\u00ed sestavou l\u00edsek pro kladen\u00ed su\u0161en\u00e9ho ovoce. V\u00fdvoj su\u0161en\u00ed postupoval od su\u0161en\u00ed d\u00fdmem p\u0159es polodymn\u00fd syst\u00e9m k\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9mu su\u0161en\u00ed \u010dist\u00fdm tepl\u00fdm vzduchem. Su\u0161\u00edrny se umis\u0165ovaly v zahrad\u00e1ch a sadech vzadu za usedlostmi.<\/dd><\/dl>
sv\u011btnice<\/dt>
Pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed typ obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti s\u00a0nep\u0159\u00edmou obsluhou vyt\u00e1p\u011bn\u00ed. N\u00e1zev vznikl v\u00a0z\u00e1v\u011bru st\u0159edov\u011bku pro odli\u0161en\u00ed nov\u00e9 kvality \u010dist\u00e9, sv\u011btl\u00e9 obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti od dosavadn\u00edch tmav\u00fdch jizeb.<\/dd><\/dl>
sv\u011btni\u010dka<\/dt>
Men\u0161\u00ed obytn\u00e1 m\u00edstnost, zpravidla v\u00e1zan\u00e1 na sv\u011btnici a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e1 vedle n\u00ed ve druh\u00e9m traktu dispozice.<\/dd><\/dl>
s\u00ed\u0148<\/dt>
Vstupn\u00ed a komunika\u010dn\u00ed prostor domu s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupem (vlevo \u010di vpravo) do obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti, na opa\u010dn\u00e9 stran\u011b do komory \u010di chl\u00e9va, proti vstupu do kuchyn\u011b a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b k\u00a0pr\u016fchodu za d\u016fm. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch domech se do s\u00edn\u011b obracel n\u00e1stupov\u00fd apar\u00e1t dvoupodla\u017en\u00edho komorov\u00e9ho bloku ve t\u0159et\u00edm \u2013 zadn\u00edm d\u00edlu domu, u mlad\u0161\u00edch dom\u016f se zastropenou s\u00edn\u00ed se zpravidla v\u00a0kout\u011b za vstupn\u00edmi dve\u0159mi na stran\u011b proti vstupu do obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti umis\u0165ovaly schody do podkrov\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
s\u00fdpka<\/dt>
Stavba pro um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed s\u00fdpkov\u00e9 komory \u010di komor, p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed nebo \u010dast\u011bji patrov\u00e1, s\u00a0r\u016fzn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lov\u00fdm proveden\u00edm. Pro s\u00fdpky charakteristick\u00e1 je masivn\u00ed v\u00fdstavba, u star\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dasto pevnostn\u00ed stavby, u mlad\u0161\u00edch sleduj\u00edc\u00ed jako vzor s\u00fdpky v\u00a0pansk\u00fdch dvorech.<\/dd><\/dl>
\u0161kola<\/dt>
Ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 stavba, funguj\u00edc\u00ed zpravidla jako p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161enstv\u00ed farn\u00edch obc\u00ed, situovan\u00e1 pobl\u00ed\u017e fary a kostela. Rozvoj v\u00fdstavby vesnick\u00fdch \u0161kol navazuje na vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kolsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona roku 1774, typologie star\u0161\u00edch \u0161kol je zpravidla podobn\u00e1 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed selsk\u00fdch dom\u016f.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
T<\/span>
tahov\u00e1 \u00faprava pece<\/dt>
Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 na rozd\u00edl od tradi\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu zamezuje voln\u00e9mu vstupu d\u00fdmu do prostoru kuchyn\u011b. Inovace spo\u010d\u00edvala v\u00a0tom, \u017ee p\u0159ed \u00fast\u00edm pece, resp. jej\u00edch kou\u0159ov\u00fdch sopouch\u016f, se um\u00edstila vyzd\u011bn\u00e1 clona se \u017eelezn\u00fdmi dv\u00ed\u0159ky. Na tuto distanci byl napojen sopouch, j\u00edm\u017e odch\u00e1zel d\u00fdm do tahov\u00e9ho kom\u00edna, kter\u00fd tud\u00ed\u017e nemusel b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bn v\u00a0bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti. Nov\u00e1 situace zbavila pec n\u011bkter\u00fdch dosavadn\u00edch vazeb a umo\u017enila jej\u00ed operativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed umis\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed (nap\u0159. pod n\u00e1stupn\u00ed rameno schod\u016f do patra).<\/dd><\/dl>
tahov\u00fd kom\u00edn<\/dt>
Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd prvek modernizace vyt\u00e1p\u011bc\u00edho a kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9ho provozu, na \u010desk\u00e9 vesnici osvojovan\u00fd kolem poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed. Na rozd\u00edl od star\u0161\u00edch \u0161irok\u00fdch a dole otev\u0159en\u00fdch dymn\u00edkov\u00fdch kom\u00edn\u016f jsou tahov\u00e9 kom\u00edny \u00fazk\u00e9 a dole uzav\u0159en\u00e9, resp. vybaven\u00e9 pouze vyb\u00edrac\u00edm otvorem. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed inovace jsou krom\u011b tahov\u00fdch kom\u00edn\u016f i nov\u00e1, v\u00a0m\u00edstnostech p\u0159\u00edmo obsluhovan\u00e1 topidla \u2013 kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 spor\u00e1ky a tahov\u00e1 kamna.<\/dd><\/dl>
trojd\u00edln\u00fd p\u016fdorys<\/dt>
Pod\u00e9ln\u00e1 sestava t\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u016fdorysn\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f v\u00a0normov\u00e9m \u0159azen\u00ed, uplat\u0148ovan\u00e1 v\u00a0obytn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech dom\u016f selsk\u00fdch usedlost\u00ed i chud\u0161\u00edch chalup\u00e1ch (redukovan\u00e1 n\u011bkdy do dvojd\u00edln\u00e9 sestavy pouze u nejmen\u0161\u00edch domk\u016f).<\/dd><\/dl>
typ orientace p\u016fdorysu<\/dt>
Dva mo\u017en\u00e9, vz\u00e1jemn\u011b zrcadlov\u011b p\u0159evr\u00e1cen\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby pod\u00e9ln\u00e9ho \u0159azen\u00ed prostor\u016f obytn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch dom\u016f, rozli\u0161en\u00e9 podle toho, zda se po vstupu zven\u010d\u00ed v\u00a0s\u00edni zah\u00fdb\u00e1 do obytn\u00e9 m\u00edstnosti doleva (orientace lev\u00e1) nebo doprava (orientace prav\u00e1).<\/dd><\/dl>
typ p\u016fdorysu domu<\/dt>
T\u0159i, resp. \u010dty\u0159i varianty p\u016fdorysn\u00e9ho \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed trojd\u00edln\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra dispozice dom\u016f, odli\u0161n\u00e9 podle funkce t\u0159et\u00edho \u2013 zadn\u00edho d\u00edlu dispozice: typ komorov\u00fd (ve t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edlu je um\u00edst\u011bna komora nebo dv\u011b komory vedle sebe), typ chl\u00e9vn\u00ed (ve t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edlu je um\u00edst\u011bn chl\u00e9v) a typ sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fd \u2013 komorov\u011b-chl\u00e9vn\u00ed (ve t\u0159et\u00edm d\u00edlu jsou um\u00edst\u011bny vedle sebe komora a chl\u00e9v). Variantou komorov\u00e9ho typu je p\u016fdorys, v\u00a0n\u011bm\u017e zauj\u00edm\u00e1 t\u0159et\u00ed d\u00edl nam\u00edsto komory druh\u00e1, tzv. zadn\u00ed sv\u011btnice.<\/dd><\/dl>
typologie p\u016fdorys\u016f vesnick\u00fdch staveb<\/dt>
Opakovan\u00e9, normov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed p\u016fdorysn\u00fdch sch\u00e9mat, uplat\u0148ovan\u00e9 nejen u dom\u016f a chalup, n\u00fdbr\u017e i u hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch staveb.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
V<\/span>
v\u00fdlevka<\/dt>
Kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro vyl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed pomyj\u00ed s\u00a0m\u00edsovitou n\u00e1levkou a \u017el\u00e1bkov\u00fdm chrli\u010dem, prostupuj\u00edc\u00edm zadn\u00ed obvodovou st\u011bnu; v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch u selsk\u00fdch dom\u016f sp\u00ed\u0161e ojedin\u011bl\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch kuchyn\u00edch.<\/dd><\/dl>
v\u00fdm\u011bnek<\/dt>
Bydlen\u00ed, vyhra\u017een\u00e9 n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159\u016fm po p\u0159ed\u00e1n\u00ed usedlosti mlad\u0161\u00ed generaci. Vybavenost v\u00fdm\u011bnku byla z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na mnoha okolnostech a pohybovala se od mo\u017enosti pobytu v\u00a0jedn\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e9 sv\u011btnici a\u017e po samostatnou chalupu \u010di malou usedlost, v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159i\u010dlen\u011bnou k\u00a0mate\u0159sk\u00e9 usedlosti.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div>
Z<\/span>
zahrada \u2013 zahradn\u00edk<\/dt>
Ozna\u010den\u00ed, u\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na na Morav\u011b pro men\u0161\u00ed usedlosti (resp. v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed chalupy) a jejich dr\u017eitele.<\/dd><\/dl>
zd\u011bn\u00e9 st\u011bny<\/dt>
Prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na z\u00a0m\u00edstn\u00edho sb\u00edran\u00e9ho \u010di lomov\u00e9ho kamene nebo z\u00a0cihel. Uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed zd\u011bn\u00fdch staveb na vesnic\u00edch je zpo\u010d\u00e1tku sp\u00ed\u0161e nedobrovoln\u00e9, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 protipo\u017e\u00e1rn\u011b motivovanou legislativou ve 2. polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed a dovr\u0161en\u00e9 z\u00e1kazem d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch staveb roku 1816. Cihlov\u00e9 zdivo se oproti kamenn\u00e9mu pokl\u00e1dalo za soudr\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a tepeln\u011b kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, tak\u017ee se up\u0159ednost\u0148ovalo v\u00a0obytn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech dom\u016f a za dostate\u010dn\u00e9 se pokl\u00e1dalo jeho ten\u010d\u00ed proveden\u00ed.<\/dd><\/dl>
z\u00e1pra\u017e\u00ed<\/dt>
Komunika\u010dn\u00ed pruh pod\u00e9l vstupn\u00ed st\u011bny domu, zpravidla zpevn\u011bn\u00fd a vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd, chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd (zejm\u00e9na u star\u0161\u00edch d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch dom\u016f) p\u0159esahem st\u0159echy.<\/dd><\/dl><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5025","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/P8dB8l-1j3","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5025"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5025\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5042,"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5025\/revisions\/5042"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sovamm.cz\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}